LibGuides: Referencing: How to use quotes

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APA 6: Style Notes on Quotations and paraphrasing from Charles Sturt University In-text referencing: Direct quotations • Provide author, year and specific page. • If the quotation is fewer than 40 words incorporate into text and enclose in quotation marks. • Daley and Robinton (2012, p. 295) stated that “These features influence the utility of each of these cell types for disease modelling and therapeutics, and offer predictions for the evolution of the art of reprogramming somatic cells”. • If the quotation is over 40 words, display as a free standing block. Do not use quotation marks and indent the entire quotation starting on a new line. In this Review, we describe the derivation of iPS cells, outline the functional assessments of pluripotency, and then recount how global assessments of gene expression, gene copy number variation, DNA methylation and chromatin modification provide a more nuanced comparison of iPS cells and ES cells. We detail how these features influence the utility of each of these cell types for disease modelling and therapeutics, and offer predictions for the evolution of the art of reprogramming somatic cells. (Daley & Robinton, 2012, p. 295) In-text referencing: Paraphrasing • Use past tense when citing someone else's work. • For in-text referencing use author and date. • Page numbers are encouraged for long sources but not mandatory. Authors tend to publish their research via conference papers first, before reworking the paper for journal publication (Wainer & Valle, 2013, p. 7). Wainer and Valle (2013, p. 7) argued that it is usual that authors publish in a conference first, then extend their article, and seek appropriate journal publication.
Deakin University guide to summarising, quoting and paraphrasing Summarising, paraphrasing & quoting A distinctive characteristic of academic writing is that it is based on reading and research, and that it discusses the ideas and findings of other writers. As a student writer, therefore, it is essential that you know how to discuss the work of other writers and researchers, and correctly acknowledge their contribution in the work you submit for assessment. Integrating information and ideas from sources into your writing is a complex task, involving several skills. There are three ways of integrating the ideas, words, research findings and/or materials of others in your writing: summarising, paraphrasing and quoting. In your paper you should mainly summarise and paraphrase the writers you discuss, and quote only sparingly. Whenever you summarise, paraphrase or quote, you must always provide an appropriate reference. The examples of summaries, paraphrases and quotes below have been created from the following extract: To write successfully at university you need a sense of what the final product should look and sound like, so if possible, read model assignments or if these are not available, study the way in which journal articles have been written in your specific area. These articles may be lengthy and some may be based on research rather than a discussion of issues, but from them you will get a sense of how academic writing 'sounds', that is, its tone, and also how respected writers in your field assemble information. You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may vary from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a repertoire of critical thinking and writing skills that enable you to enter the academic debates, even to challenge. Morley-Warner, T 2001, Academic writing is…: a guide to writing in a university context , 2nd edn, CREA Publications, University of Technology Sydney, Lindfield, NSW.
Grammarly blog: how to quote within a quote In American English, use double quotation marks for quotations and single quotation marks for quotations within quotations. In British English, use single quotation marks for quotations and double quotation marks for quotations within quotations. The rules for using quotation marks can seem complicated, but once you understand the basic principles, it’s not so bad. But what do you do when you’ve got a quote within a quote? Read on to find out. Quotes Inside Quotations Quotations Within Quotations Why would you ever have a quotation within a quotation? Lots of reasons. For example, a character in a story may quote someone else aloud. “Let us explore the meaning of the quote ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,’”said the teacher. The example above uses American-style quotation marks. The main quote is enclosed in double quotation marks. The quote within the quote, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, is enclosed in single quotation marks. (The British convention is the opposite; the main quote would use single quotation marks and the quote within the quote would use double quotation marks.) If your single and double quotation marks end up next to each other (either at the beginning or end of the quote), you don’t need to add a space between them. Quoting a Quote How do you quote a quote? That is to say, what do you do when you’re quoting material that already contains a quote? The principle doesn’t change. In American English, use double quotes for the outside quote and single quotes for the inside quote. In British English, do the opposite. Let’s say you need to quote a book for an essay, and the passage you have in mind contains a quote from some other source. Imagine the original passage from the book looks like this: I remember our father having strong opinions about many things. Pop was fond of saying “there’s no such thing as a free lunch, Jimmy,” but it seemed a little disingenuous because he wasn’t much of a lunch-eater anyway. When you quote from this passage, you might say: In the introduction of the book, the author describes a memory of his father. “Pop was fond of saying ‘there’s no such thing as a free lunch, Jimmy,’ but it seemed a little disingenuous because he wasn’t much of a lunch-eater anyway.” Notice that the quotes around there’s no such thing as a free lunch, Jimmy were double quotes in the original passage. But when you quote the passage, there’s no such thing as a free lunch, Jimmy becomes a quote within a quote, so you should change them to single quotation marks.
MLA guide to punctuation and quotes from UTAS Note the following MLA conventions regarding punctuation and quotations: Double quotation marks are used for quotations from other texts Commas and periods that come directly after a quotation go inside, not outside the quotation marks: “The good ended happily, and the bad unhappily,” notes Miss Prism about her novel in Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest (23). However, if a parenthetical reference comes directly after the quotation, then the comma or period should be placed after the reference: In Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest, Miss Prism summarizes her novel by noting “The good ended happily, and the bad unhappily” (23). If you are slightly altering a word or phrase in a quotation so that the quotation fits your grammatical context, use square brackets to indicate this: According to Oscar Wilde’s Miss Prism, fiction can be summarized by the maxim, “The good [end] happily, and the bad unhappily” (23).
Plagiarism.org: how to paraphrase HOW TO PARAPHRASE Let's say that you want to introduce information from another source (a book, a journal article, or website, for example) into your paper. You could approach this by quoting the work directly or try to convey the information from the original source in your paper by rephrasing it in your own words. This latter approach is paraphrasing. Let's take a moment to make a clear distinction between the two: Quoting: To quote is to include the identical wording from the original source in your paper. Quoted material in your paper is distinguished from your own words by the use of " " or by indenting the quoted text (if quoting a longer passage). In addition to quotation marks or indenting, all quoted material should also be cited, using either footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citation. Paraphrasing: To paraphrase is to include the ideas or information from an original source in your paper by rephrasing those ideas or information in your own words. The key to successful paraphrasing is to use as few words as possible from the original text--be mindful not to change the meaning that you are trying to convey as you rephrase--and to cite your paraphrase. Without proper citation, your paraphrase could be construed as plagiarism. Six steps to effectively paraphrasing along with a few examples can be found on the Purdue Online Writing Lab website.
Plagiarism.org: Quoting material QUOTING MATERIAL WHAT IS QUOTING? Taking the exact words from an original source is called quoting. You should quote material when you believe the way the original author expresses an idea is the most effective means of communicating the point you want to make. If you want to borrow an idea from an author, but do not need his or her exact words, you should try paraphrasing instead of quoting. HOW OFTEN SHOULD I QUOTE? Most of the time, paraphrasing and summarizing your sources is sufficient (but remember that you still have to cite them!). If you think it’s important to quote something, an excellent rule of thumb is that for every line you quote, you should have at least two lines analyzing it. HOW DO I INCORPORATE QUOTATIONS IN MY PAPER? Most of the time, you can just identify a source and quote from it. Sometimes, however, you will need to modify the words or format of the quotation in order to fit in your paper. Whenever you change the original words of your source, you must indicate that you have done so. Otherwise, you would be claiming the original author used words that he or she did not use. But be careful not to change too many words! You could accidentally change the meaning of the quotation, and falsely claim the author said something they did not. For example, let's say you want to quote from the following passage in an essay called "United Shareholders of America," by Jacob Weisberg: The citizen-investor serves his fellow citizens badly by his inclination to withdraw from the community. He tends to serve himself badly as well. He does so by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to. When you quote, you generally want to be as concise as possible. Keep only the material that is strictly relevant to your own ideas. So here you would not want to quote the middle sentence, since it is repeated again in the more informative last sentence. However, just skipping it would not work -- the final sentence would not make sense without it. So, you have to change the wording a little bit. In order to do so, you will need to use some editing symbols. Your quotation might end up looking like this: In his essay, “United Shareholders of America,” Jacob Weisberg insists that “The citizen-investor serves his fellow citizens badly by his inclination to withdraw from the community. He tends to serve himself badly... by focusing his pursuit of happiness on something that very seldom makes people happy in the way they expect it to.” to “He tends to serve himself badly...by focusing his pursuit of happiness on [money].” The brackets around the word [money] indicate that you have substituted that word for other words the author used. To make a substitution this important, however, you had better be sure that [money] is what the final phrase meant -- if the author intentionally left it ambiguous, you would be significantly altering his meaning. That would make you guilty of fraudulent attribution. In this case, however, the paragraph following the one quoted explains that the author is referring to money, so it is okay. As a general rule, it is okay to make minor grammatical and stylistic changes to make the quoted material fit in your paper, but it is not okay to significantly alter the structure of the material or its content. QUOTING WITHIN QUOTES When you have "embedded quotes," or quotations within quotations, you should switch from the normal quotation marks ("") to single quotation marks ('') to show the difference. For example, if an original passage by John Archer reads: The Mountain Coyote has been described as a “wily” and “single-minded” predator by zoologist Lma Warner. your quotation might look like this: As John Archer explains, “The Mountain Coyote has been described as a 'wily' and 'single-minded' predator by zoologist Lma Warner.” HOW DO I INCLUDE LONG QUOTES IN MY PAPER? The exact formatting requirements for long quotations differ depending on the citation style. In general, however, if you are quoting more than 3 lines of material, you should do the following: change the font to one noticeably smaller (in a document that is mostly 12 point font, you should use a 10 point font, for example) double indent the quotation -- that means adjusting the left and right margins so that they are about one inch smaller than the main body of your paper. if you have this option in your word-processor, "left-justify" the text. That means make it so that each line begins in the same place, creating a straight line on the left side of the quotation, while the right side is jagged. do NOT use quotation marks for the entire quotation -- the graphic changes you have made already (changing the font, double indenting, etc.) are enough to indicate that the material is quoted. For quotations within that quotation, use normal quotation marks, not single ones. you might want to skip 1.5 times the line-spacing you are using in the document before you begin the quotation and after it. This is optional and depends on the style preferred by your instructor. For example, a properly-formatted long quotation in a document might look like this: Akutagawa complicates the picture of picture of himself as mere “reader on the verge of writing his own text,” by having his narrated persona actually finish authoring the work in wich he appears. In the forty-ninth segment of the text, entitled “A Stuffed Swan,” he writes: Using all of his remaining strength, he tried to write his autobiography. Yet it was not an easy task for him. This was due to his still lingering sense of pride and skepticism... After finishing “A Fool's Life,” he accidentally discovered a suffered swan in a used goods store. Although it stood with its head raised, even its yellowed wings had been eaten by insects. He thought of his entire life and felt tears and cruel laughter welling up inside. All that remained for him was madness or suicide. With this gesture Akutagawa ironizes the impossibility of truly writing the self by emphasizing the inevitable split that must occur between writing and written “self,” the Akutagawa still writing “A Fool's Life” cannot possibly be identical with the narrated persona which has finished the work.
UniWriting: Direct quoting
UniWriting: Paraphrasing
UniWriting: summarising

Rules for short quotes:

Place all quotes that are less than two sentences long inside "double quote marks".

"Depending on the referencing style you are using, you need to add either an in-text citation directly after your quote" (often the authors surname, the year of publication, and the page number) or sometimes you need to add a superscript number and then a footnote instead.

If you use any bibliographic details in the sentence or paragraph that introduces your quote, then you can leave those details out of the in-text citation. For instance, if I said that on page 25 of his play, The Tempest, Shakespeare described a poor man's library as a "dukedom, large enough" (2015) then I would only have to put the year of publication in my in-text citation, as I have already given the author and page number.

Full stops go "after the closing quote marks".

"You should avoid having quotes as whole sentences".

You can "take small bits out of a quote by inserting three dots... in place of the missing text", provided it doesn't misrepresent what the author was trying to say.

You can "add small bits in by putting the [new text] inside square brackets", provided it doesn't misrepresent what the author was trying to say.

Rules for long quotes:

Do not place quotes that are longer than 30 words in quote marks.

Instead, you should make the quote an indented paragraph (me, now, p. 1).

There is no need to put long quotes in italics, plain text is fine.

The full stop of the last sentence goes outside the closing bracket for the (in-text citation).

You can take small bits out... and [add bits in] to long quotes in the same way as you do for short quotes.

Sometimes you want to quote an author who is quoting somebody else. For instance:

I want to say..
That Santa said..
That the Grinch said..
That elves are green.

It is always better to quote the original or 'primary source' than use a quote within a quote (because it is more authoritative).

But if you can't find or get access to the original you should reference BOTH texts in your in-text citation and ONLY the text you actually used in your reference list. For example:

"Elves are green" (Grinch 2007 cited in Santa 2013, p.99)

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/